Computers and Thought - Reading list. ==================================== Tom Khabaza October 1985. General notes on readings: ------------------------- There are no basic introductory textbooks for the material covered in this course. Instead, we provide a variety of readings in the hope that you will find at least some of them available and comprehensible. In addition to the basic readings, advanced readings are provided for the "expertise and stored knowledge" section of the course. Read these if you find the basic reading too simple (or un-available), or if you are covering these topics in an essay. The sections referenced from Barr & Feigenbaum's "Handbook of Artificial Intelligence", although sometimes in the "basic readings" section, tend to be rather terse, but they are straight-forward and clear descriptions of the relevant concepts. Where possible, the library classification of the book or journal has been included in the bibliography, following the entry, in square brackets ([]). Readings on "What is AI": ------------------------ Boden (1977) Chapter 1, conveniently titled "What is Artificial Intelligence". McCorduck (1979) Most of parts I and II are relevant - this is a readable book, and well worth skimming. Feigenbaum & McCorduck (1983) Most of Part One is relevant; all of the book is readable and interesting. Readings on Eliza: ----------------- Boden (1977) Chapter 5 on "Responding to Language". Weizenbaum (1976) Chapter 7 on "The computer and natural language". Slightly more advanced: Weizenbaum (1966) This is the original paper in which Weizenbaum revealed all - ignore the obscure bits of program, and concentrate on the description. Introductory readings on Expertise and Stored Knowledge: ------------------------------------------------------- Basic reading: October 1985 CT Reading list Page 2 Feigenbaum & McCorduck (1983) Part Three "Experts in Silicon". McCorduck (1979) Chapter 12 on "Applied Artificial Intelligence". More advanced: Bramer (1982) In particular, this contains a long list of existing expert systems and their major characteristics. Hayes-Roth et al. (1983) and Stefik et al. (1982) These are both good overviews, but rather advanced. Barr & Feigenbaum (1982) Vol. 1, Chapter III: "Representation of Knowledge", Section A: "Overview", pp 143-152. Readings on Semantic Nets: ------------------------- Basic concepts: Norman (1978) (O.U. course material). This contains a very short section on semantic nets. Barr & Feigenbaum (1982) Vol. 1, Chapter III: "Representation of Knowledge", Section C3 "Representation Schemes: Semantic networks". More advanced: Winston (1977) Chapter 2, last section on "Learning simple descriptions". Gives some idea of how semantic nets can be used in machine learning. Rich (1983) Chapter 7, sections 7.1 - 7.2.1. Woods (1975) "What's in a Link?" Classic paper on semantic nets. Slack (1978) (O.U. course material). This is rather long, but worth skimming to get the gist of how semantic nets are used as models of human memory. Collins & Quillian (1969) This is a good paper on the psychological aspects of this topic. Readings on Production Systems: ------------------------------ Basic concepts: Many modern introductions to AI contain brief explanations of production systems - for example Bundy et al. (1980), Chapter 5, Section 5, although this unfortunately uses the simplified AI programming language "LOGO" - try to ignore the bits of program that you don't understand. More advanced: Luger (1978) (O.U. course material). This contains relevant sections; although this is rather long, it's worth skimming for the psychological angle. October 1985 CT Reading list Page 3 Winston (1977) Chapter 5, sections on "Situation-action rules and production systems" and "Production systems and human problem solving". Barr & Feigenbaum (1982). Vol. 1, Chapter III: "Representation of Knowledge", Section C4 "Representation Schemes: Production Systems" Readings on perception ---------------------- Boden (1977) Part IV: "The visual world". Rich (1983) Chapter 10: "Perception". Frisby (1979). Readings for philosophical section ---------------------------------- and "What can programming computers teach us about thought" essay: ----------------------------------------------------------------- Boden (1977) Chapter 14 on "Philosophical Issues", and Chapter 15 on "Social Significance" Hagueland (1981) This book contains many interesting papers; particularly relevant are the chapters by Dreyfus, Dennett and Searle. Hofstadter & Dennet (1981) Again, this contains many interesting papers; particularly relevant are those in sections II ("Soul Searching") and IV ("Mind as Program"). Turing (1950). A classic article on the question of thinking computers. Essential reading. Weizenbaum (1976) This is quite a readable book; in particular, chapters 5, 8, 9 and 10 are relevant to this section of the course. Sloman (1978). Bibliography: ------------ ANDERSON, A. R. (1964) "Minds and machines", Prentice-Hall. [QE 100 And]. 3 copies. BARR, A. and FEIGENBAUM, E. A. (1982) "The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence", Volumes 1 and 2, Pitman. [QZ 1240 Han]. BARRETT, R., RAMSAY, A. AND SLOMAN, A. (1985) "POP-11: A practical language for Artificial Intelligence", Ellis Horwood and Wiley, 1985. October 1985 CT Reading list Page 4 BOBROW, D. G. and COLLINS, A. (1975) "Representation and Understanding: Studies in Cognitive Science", Academic Press. [QZ 1010 Rep]. BODEN, M. A. (1977) "Artificial Intelligence and Natural Man", Harvester Press. [QZ 1240 Bod]. BRAMER, M. A. (1982) "A survey and critical review of expert systems research", in Michie (ed.) (1983), pp 3-29. BUNDY, A., BURSTALL, R. M., WEIR, S. and YOUNG, R. M. (1980) "Artificial Intelligence: An introductory course", Edinburgh University Press. COLLINS, A. M. and QUILLIAN, M. R. (1969) "Retrieval time from semantic memory", Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, Vol. 8, pp 240-247, reprinted in "Offprints booklet", Open University, course D303: "Cognitive Psychology", 1979. [BF 311 Ope]. FEIGENBAUM, E. A. and FELDMAN, J. (eds.) (1963) "Computers and Thought", McGraw-Hill. [QE 1000 Fei]. FEIGENBAUM, E. A. and McCORDUCK, P. (1983) "The Fifth Generation", Pan. [QZ 1240 Fei]. FRISBY, J. P. (1979) "Seeing: Illusion, brain and mind", O.U.P. [QZ 314 Fri]. HAUGELAND, J. (ed.) (1981) "Mind design", MIT Press. [QE 100 Min]. 1 copy. HAYES-ROTH, F., WATERMAN, D. A. and LENAT, D. B. (1983) "An Overview of Expert Systems", in Hayes-Roth, Waterman & Lenat (eds.) "Building Expert Systems", Addison Wesley, 1983 [QZ 1240 Bui]. HOFSTADTER, D. R. and DENNET, D. C. (eds.) (1981) "The Mind's I", Harvester Press. [BD 331 Min]. 7 copies. LUGER, G. (1978) "Formal analyses of problem solving behaviour", Open University, course D303: "Cognitive Psychology", Block 4: "Learning and problem solving (part 3)", Unit 28. [BF 311 Ope]. McCORDUCK, P. (1979) "Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence", Freeman. [QZ 1240 Mac]. MICHIE, D. (ed.) (1982) "Introductory Readings in Expert Systems", Gordon and Breach. [QZ 1240 Int]. October 1985 CT Reading list Page 5 NORMAN, D. (1978) "Overview", Open University, course D303: "Cognitive Psychology", Units 31-32. [BF 311 Ope]. RICH, E. (1983) "Artificial Intelligence", McGraw-Hill. [QZ 1240 Ric]. SLACK, J. (1978) "Semantic memory", Open University, course D303: "Cognitive Psychology", Block 3: "Memory (part 2)", Units 18-19. [BF 311 Ope]. SLOMAN, A. (1978) "The Computer Revolution in Philosophy", Harvester Press. STEFIK, M., AIKINS, J., BALZER, R., BENOIT, J., BIRNAUM, L., HAYES-ROTH, F. and SACERDOTI, E. (1982) "The Organisation of Expert Systems, A Tutorial", Artificial Intelligence, Volume 18, Number 2, March 1982. [QE 1 Art]. TURING, A. M. (1950) "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", Mind, Vol. LIX, No. 236, reprinted in Feigenbaum & Feldman (1963), in Anderson (1964), and in Hofstadter & Dennet (1981). WEIZENBAUM, J. (1966) "ELIZA - A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man And Machine", in Communications of the ACM, Vol. 9, No. 1, January 1966. [QE 1 Com]. WEIZENBAUM, J. (1976) "Computer power and human reason", Freeman. [QE 1000 Wei]. WINSTON, P. H. (1977) "Artificial Intelligence", Addison-Wesley. [QZ 1240 Win]. WOODS, W. A. (1975) "What's in a link: Foundations for Semantic Networks", in Bobrow & Collins (1975), pp 35-82. October 1985